Tham khảo tài liệu 'objects of metaphor phần 10', ngoại ngữ, ngữ pháp tiếng anh phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | Competitors 275 Second you see an object in the distance and claim 12 I see it as a is tempting to think that the claims made in each case could as well have been respectively 11 I see the lines are unequal 12 I see the distant object is a pony. It is tempting that is to treat the seeing-as idiom as including straight predication and as will be argued I think it is right to be so tempted since I shall suggest that it explains a lot about the appeal of the seeing-as idiom in respect of metaphor. But there is an obvious obstacle to this treatment of seeing-as . Each of 11 and 12 implies the embedded claims respectively that the lines are unequal and that the object is a pony but neither 11 nor 12 have any such implication. Moreover each of 11 and 12 implies that the speaker believes these embedded sentences even though neither 11 nor 12 have that implication. Someone may well think that the lines are equal and still insist on 11 or may well know the object to be a tree-stump and insist on 12 . Both of these difficulties come from a tendency to think of see that . as factive. Because of this we hear 11 and 12 as implying the truth of the embedded predications and from this together with the standard idea that a speaker believes the obvious implications of what he asserts we infer that one speaker believes that the lines are unequal and the other that the object is a pony. Both of these unfortunate implications can be dealt with by making sure that the factive character of sees is suppressed. One way we might try to do this would be to rewrite the offending sentences as 13 It appears to me that the lines are unequal 14 It appears to me that the distant object is a this is not a perfect solution since depending on how one takes the it appears to me idiom each of these can suggest either that their respective speakers believe the embedded sentences are true or believe they are false. Perhaps better would be 15 Appearances suggest to me that the lines .
