Tham khảo tài liệu 'the teacher’s grammar booksecond edition phần 7', ngoại ngữ, ngữ pháp tiếng anh phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | NOAM CHOMSKY AND GRAMMAR 167 Central to the idea that transformation rules serve as a bridge between deep structure and surface structure was the notion that transformations do not alter meaning. If they did it would be difficult to justify the rules. Not only would they interfere with understanding but they also would fail to realize Chomsky s goal of developing a grammar that looks into the history of a sentence. Deep structure was a convenient means of countering an alternative and nagging argument that meaning is in the surface structure that the words we hear and read mean pretty much what the person who created them intended. Understanding the consequences of this argument is important. If meaning is in the surface structure there is no need for a mediating structure between mind and utterances. Transformation rules become irrelevant. However it was clear that some transformations did change meaning. In the early version of the grammar negatives are generated from an underlying affirmative through a transformation rule. That is the negative transformation turns a positive statement into a negative one as in these sentences 4. Maria wanted to dance with Raul. 4a. Maria did not want to dance with Raul. The deep structure of 4a is 4 and the meanings are clearly different. The question transformation results in a similar change turning an assertion into a question. Sentences like these presented a big problem for T-G grammar. Just prior to the publication of Aspects Lees 1962 and Klima 1964 proposed that such difficulties could be eliminated by specifying certain phrase-structure markers in the deep structure of sentences like 4a which triggered transformation. These markers governing for example negatives and questions were hypothesized to reside in the deep structure of all utterances and were said to be activated by contextual cues. Once activated they triggered the transformation. The result is that sentence 4a would not have sentence 4 as its deep structure
