Tham khảo tài liệu 'english in the southern united states phần 3', ngoại ngữ, ngữ pháp tiếng anh phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | Features of southern speech in early modern London 43 incoming form and zero is only found occasionally in the indicative although it was the default in the subjunctive Until recently it has been assumed that -th was just a conservative written convention by the early 1600s and that Londoners actually said -5 see Lass 1999 162-6 for a discussion . However Nevalainen and Raumolin-Brunberg 2000 have reopened this question by surveying a corpus of Early Modern letters and conclude 2000 238 Variation is . clearly in evidence in the verbal suffix in the spoken registers of Londoners even in the middle of the seventeenth century. It now seems probable that the transportees had all three methods of marking the third-person present-tense indicative singular in their speech when they settled in Virginia cf. Wright 2001 forthcoming b . By and large zero was used to mark the presenttense subjunctive mood but -5 was also used for this purpose so -5 and zero overlapped. In present-day southern United States speech the third-person-singular present tense is marked with both -5 and zero see Cukor-Avila 1997b 296 for a summary . AAVE speakers and SWVE speakers both use the zero morpheme to mark this slot but in differing amounts with some AAVE speakers presently using it far more frequently than SWVE It has been argued that the southern United States third-person-singular present-tense zero suffix goes back to a creole system which is typically uninflected as are several West African languages. It has also been noted that specific British dialects notably East Anglian are -5 deleting see Schneider 1982 20-1 for a summary . The Bridewell data show that the earliest transportees had third-person zero in their present-tense system but that it was only sporadic in the indicative mood. However zero was the older form in the third-person subjunctive and at the point of departure this zero was in the process of being ousted by the incoming -5 suffix. Both zero and -5 .
