Tham khảo tài liệu 'english in the southern united states phần 5', ngoại ngữ, ngữ pháp tiếng anh phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | Grammatical history of AAVE and SWVE 99 The overall percentages for the use of verbal -5 actually mask a significant amount of intragroup variation. The use of -5 in the 1960-75 generation is influenced by competing urban rural norms similar to the use of other innovative AAVE features Clukor-Avila 1995 Cukor-Aviiaand Bailey 199 95 199 96. The data from Travis born 1965 who has both rural and urban ties clearly illustrate this competition. Travis was no longer living in Springville all year round at the time he was recorded but he still maintained fairly strong ties to the community and its rural values. He had also spent time in the city and as a result he had acquired one of the most salient features of urban AAVE the use of be V ing. However the variable use of verbal -5 in his speech is very different from that of Vanessa born 1961 who also has ties to the city in fact Travis use of -5 is more similar to the frequency and distribution reported for speakers born in the two previous generations. This is illustrated in examples 14a and 14b 14 a. FW Do a lot of people you know fool with drugs T Well I got some friends yeah they fool with em. They drink an they be smokin you know the pots an stuff. You know I got some friends do that. FW Are there a lot in Springville that take drugs you think M Yeah mos of the older ones doe5 it. b. I mean it you know it s jus like I don like me say I don pick on nobody I don bother anybody I tend5 to my own business you know I I I like I said I got a lot of frien I can get along with a lot of people I get5 along with a lot of them. aut when you when you be aroun a lot of bullies you know you can you can control yourself. Intragroup variation in the use of third-singular -5 also characterizes the youngest generation of Springville speakers the 1975-90 generation. There is less variation in -5 marking than in the previous generation as the use of this feature continues to decline. The apparent stability for third-singular -5 between
