Tham khảo tài liệu 'lexical categories verbs nouns and adjectives phần 4', ngoại ngữ, ngữ pháp tiếng anh phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | 86 Verbs as licensers of subjects The alternative is that unergative verbs could consist of just a v with an NP complement rather than a VP or AP complement where the N is a cognate object as proposed by Hale and Keyser 1993 see 5 and 7c . Either way the lexical verb would be derived by combining the A or N head into v. A theoretical problem with 127 is that it contains a VP with no obvious specifier. This could be solved either by saying that the position is filled by an often-silent cognate object borrowing this from Hale and Keyser s view or by saying that the problematic node is destroyed by the conflation of v into V. Assuming that the problem can be handled in one of these ways 127 has the advantage of maximizing the similarities between transitive unaccusative and unergative verbs. It implies that one does not have to sharply distinguish the representation of transitive eat from that of intransitive eat or from its purely unergative near-synonym dine. It also helps in explaining the behavior of some unaccusativity diagnostics. For instance unergative verbs seem to have a lower VP or AP projection that can contain a dative expression in Hebrew and instrumental PPs and floated quantifiers in Japanese see 111b . Therefore I tentatively prefer structure 127 to Hale and Keyser s for most examples although I leave the question somewhat open. The last point to clarify is exactly how surface verbs are derived from adjectives plus a Pred BE head. I assume that this comes about by a process of conflation in approximately the sense of Hale and Keyser 1993 . They take the term from Talmy 1985 but give it a specific theoretical construal. Within P P-style theories conflation is taken to be closely related to incorporation . head movement but there are at least two ways to work this out. Hale and Keyser s own proposal is that conflation is incorporation in the lexicon a derivational cycle prior to the syntax proper. Chomsky 1995 and others have taken the alternative .
