Tham khảo tài liệu 'lexical categories verbs nouns and adjectives phần 6', ngoại ngữ, ngữ pháp tiếng anh phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | 152 Nouns as bearers of a referential index 121 a Aban-yawoyh-warrkah-marne-kinje-ng kun-kanj Evans 1997 399 1 3pO-again-wrong-BEN-cook-PAST PUNC NCL-meat I cooked the wrong meat for them again. b Kandi-wo-0 man-kuyeng Evans 1997 401 2 1-give-IMPER NCL-long You give me the long one My theory predicts that there must be some covert structure in 121b the adjective must modify a phonologically null noun comparable to English one which is the true head of the direct object. Confirmation that this is so comes from incorporation. Mayali allows direct objects to be incorporated into the verb as shown in 122 . 122 Abanmani-ganj-wo-ng. Evans 1991 287 i 3dO-meat-give-PAST PUNC I gave meat to the two of them. If the adjective in 121b were really an AP direct object with no hidden structure we might expect that it too could incorporate into the verb formally there would be nothing to prevent this. My theory however predicts that this type of adjective incorporation should be impossible. The head movement constraint implies that one can never incorporate the attributive modifier of a noun to form a Ak V NP tk N structure such configurations are never found with an overt noun and the noun being phonologically null should make no difference. In fact Mayali does not seem to allow incorporation of adjectival objects in support of my prediction. 123 Kandi-kuyeng-wo-0 see Evans 1997 404-5 2 1 -long-give-IMPER You give me the a long one The fundamental fact that NPs can be arguments but APs and VPs cannot is partly disguised in simple sentences in Mayali but the difference is revealed by incorporation. Other languages in which adjectives seem to be arguments are precisely those that create doubt that the adjective-noun distinction is universal -languages like Quechua Nahuatl and Greenlandic Eskimo. Incorporation is a useful test for revealing that there is a noun-adjective distinction in these languages as well but I defer showing this until section . Nouns must be related to .
