Tham khảo tài liệu 'mandarin chinese a functional reference grammar phần 4', ngoại ngữ, ngữ pháp tiếng anh phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | ASPECT 189 iỊ b. trying on clothes chènshãn xiăo - Je sân cùn shirt small PFV three inch The shirt is too small by three inches. Sentence 17 provides a good illustration of the contrast between just naming an event and presenting it as a unified whole by quantifying it 17 Zhangsan zài bowuguan men - kou dèng Lisi. Zhangsan at museum door mouth wait Lisi deng le sãn - shi fenzhong wait PFV three - ten minute Zhangsan waited for Lisi at the entrance to the museum for thirty minutes. The first mention of deng wait is not presented as an event viewed in its entirety but simply names the event it cannot take -le. The second mention of the verb however is bounded by a phrase stating the amount of time the waiting took here -le is required. Similarly a verb with a specified quantity of the direct object will also typically occur with -le because the quantified direct object serves to bound the event signaled by thè verb. For illustration consider sentences 18 - 25 18 tã shuõ zuijin dàxué gài 3sg say recently university build le bù shăo de 1 xĩn sùshè PFV not few NOM new dormitory S He said that the university had recently built many new dormitories. 19 nèi ge jingcha dui WO xing that CL police officer to I perform le yi ge li PFV one - CL salute That police officer saluted me. 190 ASPECT 20 tã ỹntiãn - le hén duõ shũ 3sg today buy - PFV very many book S He bought a lot of books today. 21 tã zai miànbăo - shang mõ le 3sg at bread - on spread PFV yidiản Ị niu I - you a little cattle - oil S He spread a little butter on the bread. 22 WO fa le tã wủ kuài qián I fine PFV 3sg five dollar money I fined him her five dollars. 23 tãmen fa le wủ shi they issue PFV five ten ge qĩngtiẽ CL invitation They sent out fifty invitations. 24 zhei this hưỉ kảoshì time exam wỏ dé - 1 obtain le PFV bã shi eight ten I got eighty points on this exam. fen point 25 qiáng wall - shang guà - on hang yi - fu one - CL - le PFV huà painting . Í was hung __ A painting on the wall had been hung J
