Tham khảo tài liệu 'mandarin chinese a functional reference grammar phần 5', ngoại ngữ, ngữ pháp tiếng anh phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | SENTENCE-FINAL PARTICLES 259 Furthermore as we would expect with negatives just as with affirmative sentences the changed situation can be in the past 77 qùnián fẽijĩ chũshì zài qifei lastiyear airplane have accident at take off de ASSOC bàn half ge zhongtou yĩnèi hái you CL hour within still exist dỉànhuà yỉhòu jiu méi lìánluò le telephone after then not contact CRS In last year s plane accident for a half hour after takeoff there was still telephone contact then the changed situation was that there was no more contact. Sometimes the change is simply a realization on the part of the speaker though not necessarily a change in the objective situation. Chao 1968 798 for example points out that a sentence like 78 xià yũ le descend rain CRS ba. - It s raining. can be used not only when it has just begun to rain but also when the speaker has just discovered that it is raining. Similarly children often use le in commenting on something that has just come to their attention as in 79 79 a three-year-old child who has just noticed the parrot in the zoo zhei sh 1 yingwu Je this be parrot CRS This is a parrot 260 SENTENCE-FINAL PARTICLES Here are some further illustrations of the use of le for situations that are newly realized by the speaker 80 Two friends haven t seen each other for a long time one asks the other where s he has been. A wo dào nánbù qù le yỉ tàng I to south go PFV one time I took a trip to the south. B OU yuánláỉ Ĩ1Ĩ dào nánbù qù le Oh it tums out you to south go - PFV nảnguài hão jiu méi kàn jian no wonder very long not see perceive nl le you CRS Oh so you went to the south no wonder I haven t seen you for a long time. 81 concluding a lengthy discussion about whether the speaker would consent to give a speech to a group nĩ Zhen gei wd yi ge you really give I one CL nántí je knottyiproblem CRS You ve really given me a knotty problem 82 to a roommate who has just returned from class ni hui lái le you return come CRS You ve come back. SENTENCE-FINAL PARTICLES
