Từ cuối thế kỷ 19, tiếng Nhật đã mượn một lượng từ vựng đáng kể từ hệ ngôn ngữ Ấn-Âu, chủ yếu là tiếng Anh. Do mối quan hệ thương mại đặc biệt giữa Nhật Bản và Hà Lan vào thế kỷ thứ 17, tiếng Hà Lan cũng có ảnh hưởng, với những từ như bīru (từ bier; "bia") và kōhī (từ koffie; "cà phê"). | 166 GRAMMATICAL FUNCTION WORDS The shinkansen already passed through Kyoto comiotdfiomv o Kono tõri o massugu ni itte kudasai. Please go straight along this street. Kllll Po TT ế V o Futatsume no kado o migi ni magatte kudasai. Please turn right at the second corner. See also ga J kara ni to wa o motte ir o FORMAL ADVERBIAL meaning by means of with 1. After noun TiSMlV tz L i to Kekka wa shomen o motte tsũchi itashimasu. I ll inform you of the result by letter. ỉ 7 ỂỀJj H oT Ltỉ pãĨBẼ-C Lx Kare no nõryoku o motte shitemo fukano desho. Even with his ability it will be impossible. - See also de ni yotte Copyrighted Material o toshite ỉr ÌÍỄ L T FORMAL ADVERBIAL PHRASE meaning through some method 1. After noun uìz t Ỳ1 LT VV 6 Cl h X zo o mơtte oru 167 Watashi tachi no chõsa o tõshite iroiro-na koto ga wakatte kita. Through our investigation various facts came to be known. - See also ni yotte oki ni fell PHRASE meaning at intervals of 1. After number counter ÍÁỉi Ò 1H ề 1Ỉ to Watashi wa uchi de ichi nichi oki ni o-sake o nomimasu. I drink alcohol at home every other day. ằ ẳ to Kono eki de wa futsu dens ha wa jũ go fun oki ni demasu. Local trains leave every fifteen minutes from this station. Kono ydshi ni wa ichi gyõ oki ni kaite kudasai. Please write on every other line of this paper. ỉto Ano dõro ni wa go mẽtoru oki ni ki ga uete arimastỉ. Trees are planted along that road at intervals of five meters. Copyrighted Material oru FORMAL VERB that can be substituted for iru The polite form orimasu is used to show humbleness on the 168 GRAMMATICAL FUNCTION WORDS speaker s part while the respectful form oraremasu is used to show respect to another. 1. Used for expressing existence I III DI e Ă ÍÍ 9 fl 51T Al -tfr J Yamada-san wa uchi ni oraremasu ka. lie ima orimasen gar Is at home No he is out now. the question shows respect and the response humbleness 2. After re-form of verb ỉto Shachõ wa ima dekakete orimasu. The boss is out now. speaking to another about .
