Tham khảo tài liệu 'coatings technology handbook episode 3 part 8', kỹ thuật - công nghệ, cơ khí - chế tạo máy phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | 117-2 Coatings Technology Handbook Third Edition the paint that forms a film. A synonym for vehicle is binder. Vehicles come in many types. The types that will be discussed in this chapter include oil tempera based on egg yolks watercolor based on gums sugar and starch alkyd normally a polyester and latex plural is latices chemically these are emulsions . Artist s colors are generally sold in two grades professional and student. The professional grade is generally used by those who make a living by producing and selling their artwork. The student grade is intended for use by students who aspire to a career in art. There are many differences between the two grades. The professional grade generally contains high percentages of pure color pigment . Student grade is normally characterized by lower percentages of color. Very often student grade does not contain the pure color that is listed on the label. In this case the word HUE appears on the label. This means that a single pigment or combination of pigments is being employed to approximate the pure color. Very often the pure color is very expensive while the hue is cheaper. In addition the hue rarely has the brilliance of the pure color. A further difference is that the student grade often contains extender pigments to help reduce cost while still maintaining the consistency artist term for this is feel of the professional grade. Artist s colors are produced in a number of vehicle systems. As vehicle systems evolved so did pigments. This chapter will outline historical development of vehicles and enumerate their compositions. Conjointly this time-line formulary will contain the pigments associated with the system at discovery time. It will also list those pigments in use today as well as what they replaced. Discovery dates of pigments as well as the approximate date of first usage in artist s colors will also be listed. The very first artist s color created by prehistoric man was a black made from charcoal. This was
