Tính hợp lý và trách nhiệm lập trường cao hơn là thực sự áp dụng đối với nó. Có một trường hợp cho rằng việc thông qua một lập trường như vậy chấp nhận hay từ chối một mong muốn là có hiệu quả là một hình thức trong đó một internality tiềm ẩn hoặc các yếu tố bên ngoài thể hiện. | 400 Rationality and Responsibility higher-order stance is actually adopted towards it. There is a case for saying that the adoption of such a stance of accepting or rejecting a desire as effective is a form in which a latent internality or externality manifests itself. The account here proposed of compulsive desires is in some respects like that of Gary Watson s which views such desires as being more or less radically independent of the evaluational systems of these agents 1975 220 . But while I roughly regard what is best as implicitly relative to some set of intrinsic desires as that which fulfils them Watson may well take an objectivist view of values. He sees evaluations as a source of desires 1975 211 as something from which desires spring or arise 1975 208 . They are however not the only source of desires on his view. As was noted in Chapter 12 Watson presents a dualistic picture of the self according to which reason within the province of which the making of evaluative judgements lies constitutes one source of desire and appetite the other. One problem with this dualism is to explain why desires springing from reason should be authoritative relative to desires having their origin in the appetitive part of the self why should one try to overcome the latter desires cf. Piper 1985 178-81 But supposing that we construe what is at present of value for A as what would fulfil her present intrinsic desires how can we then explain the occurrence of compulsive desires that is overruling desires that are contrary to what she sees as best We have already accounted for a similar discrepancy in cases of weakness of will by maintaining that one can temporarily overlook some of one s dispositional reasons that are relevant enough to be episodically represented. This will however not do when it comes to compulsive desires for here one is fully conscious that the compulsive desire runs counter to one s best reasons as has been remarked this desire is experienced as an .
