Một ý kiến cho rằng có thể được thực hiện để đi xa hơn quan niệm thực dụng quan niệm của lời hứa là nó sẽ được dễ dàng hơn dựa vào một lời hứa nếu nó rõ ràng rằng sẽ không có lời bào chữa trên cơ sở không gây tổn hại, và như vậy. | 130 part ii the ethics of deference 1 Strict Performance as Necessary to Protect Reliance. One suggestion that might be made for moving beyond the utilitarian conception to the stronger conception of promise is that it will be even easier to rely on a promise if it s clear that there will be no excuses based on lack of harm and so on. Now that of course is true Reliance will be safer if actual performance is always required - particularly if there is doubt as there often might be about the question of the extent of the reliance that has occurred. But this is not a reason that would justify the strong sense of promise described earlier. If the reason for keeping the promise relates to the need to protect reliance it will not support the strong conception that insists that reliance has nothing to do with whether one has the obligation. One can t in short support moving to the strong conception on the grounds that it lessens difficulties in determining how much harm is caused because considerations of harm under this conception are irrelevant excluded .37 2 Strict Performance as a Test of Honor. A second possible reason for moving to the strong promise convention is suggested in some of the Kantian-oriented literature much of which I confess seems to me quite unhelpful. It is unhelpful because it uses words like trust and honor and autonomy and respect for one s own will as if it were somehow self-evident that these concepts remain untarnished only in the presence of the strong conception of But that assumption begs the inquiry rather than advancing it. If trust within a relationship is at stake for example why is that concept tarnished so long as I take care not to harm the other party Why isn t the only trust that is needed that which is afforded by this assurance of not getting hurt The argument for strict performance in order to foster trust in short seems just a variation of the one just considered for giving extra protection to 37 See Raz
