Thay đổi thái độ và văn hóa gì nền tảng trên con đường đưa dân tộc thiểu số và duy trì hình học biến của công dân là canh tác của những phẩm chất công dân chủ yếu liên quan đến công dân quan trọng. | 183 Pathways to inclusion Changing attitudes and culture What underpins the above pathways on minority inclusion and sustains the variable geometry of citizenship is the cultivation of those citizenship qualities mostly associated with critical citizenship. Exclusion and subordination have thrived within environments characterised by constructed racial hierarchies patterns of prejudice and assumptions concerning the inferior traits of certain groups. It is certainly the case that the modalities of racism sexism and other institionalised prejudice change over time but it is equally true that prejudicial views are deeply embedded within the society and institutions resulting in practices of discrimination and subordination. In this respect changing attitudes and culture ought to be a key objective of policy interventions in favour of minority incorporation. Regrettably policies are often driven by a desire to appeal to conservative attitudes and to produce eye-catching initiatives that will attract voters. In addition principles such as respecting the equal dignity of all residents and their human right to develop and realise their potential unhindered by unnecessary obstacles and prejudice are often ignored in the pursuit of narrow political expediency. More importantly the long-term effects of particular governmental initiatives on community relations often pass unnoticed. For example when policies and official discourses narrow the circle of belonging and illegitimately stigmatise certain groups individuals feel that it is acceptable to display their hostility resentment and prejudices in the workplace and society and to target certain groups. The targeted groups on their part often pursue strategies of inversion that is they respond to what they perceive as the mainstream society s rejection by rejecting the mainstream and its organizing principles Gibson 1989 .12 For this reason inclusion and respectful belonging require the cultivation of an ethos of respect .
