Và, trong những hoàn cảnh thích hợp lịch sử, chẳng hạn như là một "chế độ quân chủ lập hiến ', ý tưởng của nhà nước có thể trở thành một thực tế. Một điều chắc chắn. Việc vượt qua của xã hội dân sự của nhà nước không thể đạt được trong các hình thức dân chủ, nếu điều đó có nghĩa là một hệ thống trong đó các khối (der P ¨ bel), trong một nghĩa nào đó, o chi phối. | EUROPEAN governance 167 and processes is that the idea of civil society is capable of producing the idea of the state which finally embodies in theory and in practice society s universaiisinn capacity an achievement which is the rationally conceived end of human hi c i . And m appropriate hĩstorical circumstances such as a constitutional monarchy the idea of the state could become a fact. One thing was certain. The surpassing of civil society in the state could not be achieved in the form of democracy if that meant a system in which the masses der Pobel would in some sense govern. The consequences of HegeFs deprecíatóon of civis ooeiety in relation to the state have been profound and long-lasting. In the hands of Ka rl Marx m IS Ỉ ed perhaps by the n ot Germnn t in ns 1 a t o n n ft Ferguson s civil society as burgerliche Gesellschaft bourgeois society 18 it became the casus belli of revolution the end of humcnity s pre-hisSoty. At the same time the development of Hegel s u n iversal class in the oo rm of the modern paiernaiíst civĩl Service wĩth ĩss universaiísing uunctìnn in the service of the pubhc mieeest rapidyy became a feature oi liberal democracy even in the most bourgeois of iiberal democracíes. But the contempt for or at least distrust of the messy business of democratic politics particularly politics of the Anglo-Amerícen variety contínued to affect the political development of several European countries until well into the twentieth And Hegel s troubled spirit may be with us yet again in the third and latest life-form of civil society and in its conceptual cousin the sinister new concept of governance . It was in the last two decades of the twentíeth century that the idea of civĩl society was suddenly and mysteriously resurrected or reín-carnated. The third life of civil society has already generated its own book-mountain. There is some agreement to the effect that the idea had two spiritual parents a decline of confidence m the .
