Ngân hàng Thế giới "ngôi sao globalizers" Quốc gia Tốc độ tăng trưởng trong các chính sách thương mại những năm 1990 (%) Trung Quốc 7,1 thuế quan trung bình tỷ lệ 31,2%, các rào cản thương mại quốc gia, không phải là thành viên WTO Việt Nam 5,1 thuế quan trong khoảng từ 30%. | 14 The Role of Public Policies in Fostering Innovation and Growth 307 Stagnation in El Salvador Fig. El Salvador - failure of institutional reforms Source Rodrik 2005 The Indian take-off Fig. India s growth takeoff Source Rosworth and Colins 2003 308 M. Schiffbauer Table World bank s star globalizers Country Growth rate in the 1990s Trade policies China Average tariff rate national trade barriers not a WTO member Vietnam Tariffs range between 30 and 50 national trade barriers and state trading not a WTO member India Tariffs average second highest in the world Uganda Moderate reform Source Collier and Dollar 2001 p 6 took off in India in the early 1980s while economic reforms did not take place before 1991. Instead the initial growth take-off was preceded by substantial public investments in infrastructure in the late 1970s and early 1980s as well as a gradual shift towards a more business-friendly policy environment at that Table shows that China Vietnam India and Uganda have experienced tremendous growth during the 1990s in the presence of major barriers to trade and capital Moreover the index of overall property rights from the Frasier Institute of Economic Freedom reports an index number for China of in 1985 and in 2000 which are below the ones of Mali Iran Panama or Romania. Consequently it appears that we need to take some care in isolating growthenhancing policies and keep in mind to incorporate country specific conditions accurately. Nevertheless recent advances in development accounting are pointing the way for future research. Caselli 2005 provides a comprehensive survey and various robustness checks of contributions in development accounting. He concludes that the fraction of the variance of income across countries that is explained by variations in factor accumulation labor physical and human capital accounts exclusively for around 40 upper bound . Thus the bulk of international income
