Tham khảo tài liệu 'converging technologies for improving human performance episode 2 part 9', kỹ thuật - công nghệ, cơ khí - chế tạo máy phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | Converging Technologies for Improving Human Performance pre-publication on-line version 347 manufacture proteins in a massively parallel way when mass production is necessary. All of these processes rely upon rapid molecular dynamics. While proteins are functionally robust in any particular function their functions can also be changed or adapted by changing the archive which describes their function but in an indirect and non-obvious way. The rapid parallel process of creation of proteins allows adaptation of new machines through large-scale variation and selection. A good example of this process is found in the immune system response Perelson and Wiegel 1999 Noest 2000 Segel and Cohen 2001 Pierre et al. 1997 . The immune system maintains a large number of different proteins that serve as antibodies that can attach themselves to harmful antigens. When there is an infection the antigens that attach most effectively are replicated in large numbers and they are also subjected to a process of accelerated evolution through mutation and selection that generates even better-suited antibodies. Since this is not the evolutionary process of organisms it is in a sense an artificial evolutionary process optimized engineered for the purpose of creating well-adapted proteins machines . Antibodies are released into the blood as free molecules but they are also used as tools by cells that hold them attached to their membranes so that the cells can attach to grab hold of antigens. Finally proteins also form complexes are part of membranes and biochemical networks showing how larger functional structures can be built out of simple machines. An artificial analog of the immune system s use of evolutionary dynamics is the development of ribozymes by in vitro selection now being used for drug design Herschlag and Cech 1990 Beaudry and Joyce 1992 Szostak 1999 . Proteins and ribozymes illustrate the crossover of biology and nanotechnology. They also illustrate how complex systems concepts
