Khi ban đầu được ban hành bằng nghị viện Anh, nhà chức trách dân sự (quyền hạn đặc biệt) Đạo luật (Bắc Ireland) năm 1922 - dẫn đến việc tạo ra một chế độ khẩn cấp theo đó "các Chính phủ được hưởng các quyền hạn tương tự như những hiện trong thời gian thiết quân luật ''17 - có nghĩa là để kéo dài không quá một năm. | sequencing and temporal distinctions 177 When originally enacted by the British parliament the Civil Authorities Special Powers Act Northern Ireland of 1922 - leading to the creation of an emergency regime under which the Government enjoyed powers similar to those current in time of martial law 17 -- was meant to last for no more than one year. Its radical nature was best reflected in section 2 4 which provided that If any person does any act of such nature as to be calculated to be prejudicial to the preservation of the peace or maintenance of order in Northern Ireland and not specifically provided for in the regulations he shall be guilty of an offence against those regulations. Indeed the South African minister of justice was quoted at the time to say referring to section 2 4 that he would be willing to exchange all the South African legislation of that sort for one clause in the Northern Ireland Special Powers Act. 18 The act was renewed annually until 1928 when it was extended for a five-year period. Subsequently the act was made permanent. The story of the series of Prevention of Terrorism Temporary Provisions Acts PTA was much the same. Originally introduced in parliament in 1974 the PTA was amended in 1975 and 1983 and reenacted in 1984. In 1989 the PTA became a permanent part of the statute books of the United The Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001 USA PATRIOT passed merely a month and a half after the traumatic events of September 11 2001 greatly expanded the surveillance and investigative powers of law enforcement agencies in the United States both in the context of collection of foreign intelligence information when there is probable cause that the target of surveillance is a foreign power or an agent of a foreign power and access to communications in ordinary criminal To alleviate concerns a sunset provision was 17 Claire Palley The .
