Về lý thuyết, cũng như, người nhận của một mối đe dọa ngoại giao, công khai hay bí mật của lực lượng nên nhận ra nếu có khó khăn về việc sử dụng lực lượng tiếp theo của họ xuất phát từ chính sách hạn chế ngoại giao và không phải là luật pháp. | Use of Military Force 195 prohibits the threat of force and not just its actual use. As a result the meaningful application of law requires national security lawyers to participate in the consideration of diplomatic options as well as military options. In theory as well the recipient of an overt or secret diplomatic threat of force should realize that if there are constraints on the subsequent use of force they derive from policy or diplomatic limitations and not the law. However Article 2 4 is also qualified by other Charter articles such as those pertaining to the Security Council s Chapter VII powers Action with Respect to Threats to the Peace Breaches of the Peace and Acts of Aggression and regional organizations in Chapter VIII Regional Arrangements . With respect to self-defense Article 51 of the Charter recognizes that Nothing in the present Charter shall impair the inherent right of individual or collective self-defence if an armed attack occurs. Measures taken by Members in the exercise of this right of self-defence shall be immediately reported to the Security Council. Historical examples of such assertions by the U. S. government include Libya 1986 Iraq 1993 Afghanistan and Sudan 1998 and Afghanistan 2001 although as discussed below the Sudan portion of this response might also be addressed in the construct of anticipatory self-defense . In each case the . government filed an Article 51 report stating that the United States was exercising its right of self-defense. The critical terms are inherent and armed attack. For lawyers embedded in textual interpretation this is critical text for if there was an inherent right of self-defense before the Charter the Charter arguably could not have extinguished that right even as the Charter seeks to limit that right to instances of armed attack. Two related issues arise. First must an actual armed attack occur before a state may act in lawful self-defense and if so what constitutes armed attack 37 Second must a .
