Tham khảo tài liệu 'guidelines on - bladder cancer', y tế - sức khoẻ, y dược phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | Guidelines on I Bladder Cancer Muscle-invasive and Metastatic A. Stenzl chairman . Witjes vice-chairman . Cowan M. De Santis M. Kuczyk T. Lebret . Merseburger . Ribal A. Sherif European Association of Urology 2011 European Association of Urology TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE 1. INTRODUCTION 5 The guideline 5 Methodology 5 Data identification 5 Publication history 5 Summary of updated information 5 Acknowledgements 6 References 6 2. EPIDEMIOLOGY AND RISK FACTORS 7 Epidemiology 7 Risk factors for bladder cancer 7 Tobacco smoking 7 Occupational exposure to chemicals 7 Radiation therapy 7 Dietary factors 8 Chronic urinary tract infection 8 Bladder schistosomiasis 8 Chemotherapy 8 Synchronous and metachronous upper urinary tract tumours 8 Gender 8 Race and socio-economic status 9 Conclusions about epidemiology and risk factors 9 Recommendation for risk factors 9 References 9 3. CLASSIFICATION 11 Tumour Node Metastasis classification 11 Histological grading of non-muscle-invasive bladder tumours 11 WHO grading 12 Pathology 12 Urologist handling of specimens 12 Pathologist handling of specimens 12 Pathology of muscle-invasive bladder cancer 12 Recommendations for the assessment of tumour specimens 13 References 13 4. DIAGNOSIS AND STAGING 14 Primary diagnosis 14 Symptoms 14 Physical examination 14 Bladder imaging 14 Urinary cytology and urinary markers 14 Cystoscopy 14 Transurethral resection TUR of invasive bladder tumours 14 Random bladder and prostatic urethral biopsy 14 Second resection 15 Concomitant prostate cancer 15 Recommendations for primary assessment of presumably invasive bladder tumours 15 Imaging for staging in verified bladder tumours 16 Local staging of invasive bladder cancer 16 MR imaging for local staging of .
