Hơn nữa, là hầu như không có bất kỳ quốc gia còn lại phải nhập ngoại vi: quá trình bùng nổ của việc mở rộng dân số, trong thế hệ cuối cùng hay như vậy, rất gần đến góc cuối cùng của trái đất. Vì vậy có thể là mạnh lý do để nghi ngờ tính chính xác của phép ngoại suy xu hướng của nhiều thế kỷ qua của một gia tốc vô thời hạn ngày càng tăng của dân số tăng trưởng trong tương lai vô hạn định. Chúng tôi có thể hy vọng và hy vọng rằng. | APPENDIX B THE COMPLEXITY OF PROBLEMS OF HUMAN INTERACTION Although physical scientists sometimes appear unwilling to recognise the greater complexity of the problems of human interaction the fact itself was seen more than a hundred years ago by no less a figure than James Clerk Maxwell who in 1877 wrote that the term physical science is often applied in a more or less restricted manner to those branches of science in which the phenomena considered are of the simplest and most abstract kind excluding the consideration of the more complex phenomena such as those observed in living things . And more recently a Nobel laureate in physics Louis w. Alvarez stressed that actually physics is the simplest of all the sciences. But in the case of an infinitely more complicated system such as the population of a developing country like India no one can yet decide how best to change the existing conditions Alvarez 1968 . Mechanical methods and models of simple causal explanation are increasingly inapplicable as we advance to such complex phenomena. In particular the crucial phenomena determining the formation of many highly complex structures of human interaction . economic values or prices cannot be interpreted by simple causal or nomothetic theories but require explanation in terms of the joint effects of a larger number of distinct elements than we can ever hope individually to observe or manipulate. It was only the marginal revolution of the 1870s that produced a satisfactory explanation of the market processes that Adam Smith had long before described with his metaphor of the invisible hand an account which despite its still metaphorical and incomplete character was the first scientific description of such self-ordering processes. James and John Stuart Mill by contrast were unable to conceive of the determination of market values in any manner other than causal determination by a few preceding events and this inability barred them as it does many modem physicalists from
