Sự kiện hiếm khi xảy ra trong cách chúng ta mong đợi, do đó, sẽ luôn có những rủi ro liên quan đến một dự án. Khi dự án diễn ra trong một môi trường rộng lớn hơn, có những rủi ro thường gắn liền với ngày-to-ngày làm việc thiết lập đó, bao gồm cả rủi ro sức khỏe và an toàn, ví dụ. | 80 Managing projects in human resources these 80 managers had successfully managed change and then used this evidence to produce a report as the deliverable. This would show how the training provided by the HR department had succeeded in developing these managers so that they were able to contribute effectively to organizational change. It is important to ensure that the outcomes of the project are the ones intended and this can be focused with specific objectives and identified deliverables. The definition of outputs and outcomes is difficult. Outputs can be defined when there is a distinctly identifiable product but outcomes are more holistic and can imply a changed state which might not be evident for some time. In some situations it is particularly difficult where cause and effect are uncertain or where there are conflicts of values. It is still important in such settings to identify goals and to define them in a way that will enable an appraisal of the extent to which the aims of the project have been achieved. This does not necessarily mean that quantitative measures should be imposed because inappropriate use of measures can lead to goal displacement. It can be helpful to ask How shall we know if we have been successful and identify the indicators that will help in making that judgement. Example Deliverables for Example The training agency directory of services project had a series of objectives that had enabled participants to identify the key stages given in Example . The initial list of deliverables drawn up by the project manager included notes about how each deliverable could be demonstrated as successfully achieved. A - Secure funds Deliverables are I funding available to be used when necessary demonstrated by authority agreed to sign cheques I budget statement prepared with headings identifying key areas of expenditure I agreement with sponsor about how expenditure will be recorded and how orders invoices and receipts will be managed. B - .
