Đạo đức là một hiện tượng lịch sử và xét cho cùng, là sự phản ánh của các quan hệ xã hội. Có đạo đức của xã hội nguyên thuỷ, đạo đức của chế độ chủ nô, đạo đức phong kiến, đạo đức tư sản, đạo đức cộng sản. | The Relevance of Relationships 123 whereas being a grandmother or a recently naturalized citizen of Canada are relational This chapter examines two versions of the Relationships Only view. On either version of this view an entity s moral status depends entirely upon certain of its relational properties its intrinsic properties are irrelevant to what we owe it in the way of moral consideration. J. Baird Callicott holds that an entity s moral status depends upon its social and ecological relationships . its membership and role within a social or biological Nel Noddings argues that the relationship of caring is the basis of all human moral obligations. In her view we have moral obligations only towards beings for whom we are psychologically capable of caring and who in turn have the capacity at least potentially to be aware of and responsive to our Each of these theories contains important insights social and ecosystemic considerations can sometimes justify the ascription of stronger moral status to a group of entities than could be justified by the intrinsic properties of these entities. Nevertheless neither version of the Relationships Only view provides an adequate account of moral status. Our obligations to living things sentient beings and moral agents are not entirely contingent upon the prior existence of social or ecological relationships between ourselves and them. Nor are these obligations entirely contingent upon our psychological capacity to care for such entities. There is therefore much to be said for the Relationships Plus view which permits ascriptions of moral status to be justified on the basis of both intrinsic properties and relational ones. . J. Baird Callicott s Relationships Only View Callicott is a philosophical interpreter and proponent of the environmental ethic pioneered by Aldo Leopold. On Leopold s theory as 1 Most intrinsic properties are relational in another sense. Every thing except possibly the .
