một số quốc gia tăng khai thác của nó đáng kể, những người khác dần dần nó ra, vẫn còn những người khác cấm sử dụng theo quy định của pháp luật. Giấy Chức vụ này nhằm mục đích cân bằng một bài thuyết trình của các ưu và nhược điểm của | A project in the 6th Framework Programme of the European Commission was launched which will design the first experimental facility to demonstrate the feasibility of transmutation with ADS. A conceptual design is being developed in parallel for a modular industrial-level realisation 52 . These studies must also encompass studies on reliability and economic competitiveness. Such hybrid systems have besides the burning of waste also the potential to contribute substantially to large-scale energy production beyond 2020. ADS are in strong competition with Generation IV reactors that are also designed for effective burning of MAs for Generation IV reactors see next chapter . Open- and closed-cycle nuclear reactors both generate energy by neutron-induced fission with heavy nuclei as fuel but treat the waste produced in different ways. The open-cycle system is attractive from the point of view of security. Closed-cycle systems recover useable fuel from the waste and hence have a substantially smaller demand for uranium ore. 5 Nuclear power generation in the future Advanced nuclear reactors The energy scenarios for the next 50 years show that it is vital to keep open the nuclear option for electricity generation. However current reactor technologies and their associated fuel cycles based on U-235 produce a large amount of potentially dangerous waste while for some types of reactors the risk of a catastrophic event is unacceptably high. As a result of these safety problems and the association of nuclear energy with the Chernobyl accident and with nuclear weapons the nuclear industry is facing strong opposition in some European countries. In response Generation III GenIII reactors have been developed such as the European Pressurised Reactor EPR presently under construction at Olkiluoto Finland which presents a step forward in safety technology 35 . It features advanced accident prevention to even further reduce the probability of reactor-core damage. Improved accident control
