Tuyển tập các báo cáo nghiên cứu về y học được đăng trên tạp chí y học General Psychiatry cung cấp cho các bạn kiến thức về ngành y đề tài:Toll-like receptor downstream signaling. | Arthritis Research Therapy Vol 7 No 1 Kawai and Akira Review Toll-like receptor downstream signaling Taro Kawai1 and Shizuo Akira1 2 1 ERATO Japan Science and Technology Agency Osaka Japan 2Department of Host Defense Research Institute for Microbial Diseases Osaka University Osaka Japan Corresponding author Shizuo Akira sakira@ Published 30 November 2004 Arthritis Res Ther 2005 7 12-19 DOI ar1469 2004 BioMed Central Ltd Abstract The family of Toll-like receptors TLRs senses conserved structures found in a broad range of pathogens causing innate immune responses that include the production of inflammatory cytokines chemokines and interferons. The signal transduction is initiated from the Toll interleukin-1 receptor TIR domain of TLRs after pathogen recognition. Almost all TLRs use a TIR-containing adapter MyD88 to activate a common signaling pathway that results in the activation of NF-kB to express cytokine genes relevant to inflammation. Recently three further TIR-containing adapters have been identified and shown to selectively interact with several TLRs. In particular activation of the TRIF-dependent pathway confers antiviral responses by inducing anti-viral genes including that encoding interferon-p. Taken together these results indicate that the interaction between individual TLRs and the different combinations of adapters directs appropriate responses against distinct pathogens. Keywords inflammatory cytokines innate immunity interferons TIR-domain containing adapter TLR Introduction In Drosophila Toll was initially identified as an essential protein for the determination of dorsoventral polarity during early embryogenesis. Subsequently it was shown that flies with a mutant Toll gene are highly susceptible to fungal infection because of a defective production of specific anti-fungi peptides upon infection demonstrating that Toll is a receptor that detects fungi invasion to trigger immune responses 1 . In 1997 a human gene similar to
