Khí hậu là định nghĩa phổ biến về thời tiết trung bình trong khoảng thời gian dài. Thời gian trung bình chuẩn để xét là 30 năm,[3] nhưng có thể khác tùy theo mục đích sử dụng. Khí hậu cũng bao gồm các số liệu thống kê theo ngày hoặc năm khác nhau. | 158 CLIMATE MANAGEMENT The State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry SUNY-ESF biomass research farm in Tully New York Lawrence P Abrahamson DOE NREL as syngas. Pyrolysis heating biomass in the absence of oxygen produces liquid pyrolysis oil. Both syngas and pyrolysis oil can be used as fuels that are cleaner and more efficient than solid biomass. Both can also be converted into other usable fuels and chemicals. As research and discoveries continue and cleaner more efficient energy sources are discovered and implemented society advances closer to curbing global warming and its resultant harm to the environment. Climate Modeling The Earth s climate system is too complex for the human brain to grasp. There are so many interrelated forces constantly being influenced by outside factors and constantly shifting trying to find some balance of equilibrium. It is simply not possible to write down a list of equations describing how the climate system works and reacts. The Earth s climate is not a straightforward process that gets from point A to point B every day in exactly the same way at the same time or in the same place. The only consistency about climate is that it is not consistent and that is because there are so many variables involved and the patterns of possible interactions are enormous. One of the key challenges climatologists face today with global warming is that it is important to be able to predict with some sense of confidence how the Earth s climate will change from region to region as temperatures rise so that policy makers can make appropriate decisions. Because of the inherent complexity and uncertainty in order for 159 160 CLIMATE MANAGEMENT climatologists to be able to do this they need to rely on climate models. Climate models are systems of differential equations derived from the basic laws of physics fluid motion and chemistry formulated to be solved on supercomputers. This chapter discusses climate modeling how it .
