Trong xã hội dân dự, mặc dù Toà án vừa đóng vai trò là cơ quan thực thi nhưng cũng vừa là một người trọng tài để đưa ra các phán xét của mình về tính hợp pháp của hành vi. Tuy vậy, ở Việt Nam và đại đa số các nước Châu Á nói chung, việc đưa vụ việc đến Toà án chưa trở thành một thói quan và văn hoá pháp luật. | state aid constraints on psb 291 ensuring democracy pluralism 2 social cohesion and linguistic diversity 3 points that are recognised in the Protocol on PSB and reaffirmed in the Council Resolution on the The European Parliament has linked the value of PSB to social and political cohesion via its ability to act as an aid to informed citizenship .5 A connection is made between the type and range of programming that is produced and a range of ambitious and rather abstract goals such as the development of informed citizenship instilling a sense of civic responsibility fostering social cohesion and a sense of belonging to a Although PSB is seen to have an important remit by institutions within the Union the organisation definition and fulfilment of this remit remain a matter for member states and not the 8 Given this freedom accorded to member states the systems of PSB vary across the Union with different types of PSB organisations supplying a public service. The Commission has required that each member state establish its own definition and scope of PSB 8 but different levels of progress have been achieved in the various member In addition the European Parliament has called on public service broadcasters to aim 2 Media pluralism is recognised inter alia by the Union as being a crucial element of the democratic process both in member states and in the Union as whole. Protection of media pluralism entails a variety of different instruments applied at different levels see ch. 7 and PSB is seen to make an important contribution. The protection of pluralism has been a consistent concern of the European Parliament and the Council of Europe. The Commission while not taking any formal initiative in the area has recognised the importance of PSB while leaving member states to use PSB to promote and protect media pluralism. See the Amsterdam Protocol and Commission Communication on the Application of State Aid Rules to Public Service .
