Tham khảo tài liệu 'the coming of materials science episode 2', kỹ thuật - công nghệ, cơ khí - chế tạo máy phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | Introduction 15 word for physical metallurgy. The end-result of this misunderstanding was that in the mid-1960s the Chinese found that they had far too many metal physicists all educated in metal physics divisions of physics departments in 17 universities and a bad lack of engineers who understand alloys and their heat-treatment yet it was this last which the Soviet experts had really meant. By that time Mao had become hostile to the Soviet Union and the Soviet experts were gone. By 1980 only 3 of the original 17 metal physics divisions remained in the universities. An attempt was later made to train students in materials science. In the days when all graduates were still directed to their places of work in China the gentleman in the State Planning Department did not really understand what materials science meant and was inclined to give materials science graduates a post in the materials depot . Although almost the whole of this introductory chapter has been focused on the American experience because this is where MSE began later the superdiscipline spread to many countries. In the later chapters of this book I have been careful to avoid any kind of exclusive focus on the US. The Chinese anecdote shows albeit in an extreme form that other countries also were forced to learn from experience and change their modes of education and research. In fact in most of the rest of this book the emphasis is on topics and approaches in research and not on particular places. One thing which is entirely clear is that the pessimists always among us who assert that all the really important discoveries in MSE have been made are wrong in Turnbull s words at a symposium Turnbull 1980 10 or 15 years from now there will be a conference similar to this one where many young enthusiasts too naive to realize that all the important discoveries have been made will be describing materials and processes that we at present have no inkling of . Indeed there was and they did. REFERENCES Baker .
