Sự ngưng tụ / vón cục của nhiễm sắc mất hạt nhân của tế bào liên hệ với tế bào, tế bào co rút và phân mảnh, với sự hình thành của các quá trình màng bị ràng buộc và các túi có chứa các mảnh vỡ của vật liệu hạt nhân hoặc cơ quan tử liền kề các tế bào phagocytose sản phẩm cuối cùng | EDUCATION IN HEART Table Characteristic features of apoptosis versus necrosis Apoptosis Necrosis 2 J Condensation clumping of nuclear chromatin Loss of cell-cell contact cell shrinkage and fragmentation with formation of membrane bound processes and vesicles containing fragments of nuclear material or organelles Adjacent cells phagocytose the end product the apoptotic body Minimal disruption of cell membranes or release of lysosomal enzymes with consequently little inflammatory reaction Organelle structure and function maintained until late into the process Nuclear chromatin non-specifically degraded Cell volume increases Cell membrane integrity lost early release of lysosomal enzymes and subsequent inflammation Organelle structure and function lost early myocardial cell loss and cardiomyocyte apoptosis may be the mechanism of the gradual deterioration in cardiac function. In humans undergoing transplantation apoptosis can be observed 6 with some studies suggesting higher levels in ischaemic versus idiopathic dilated The transition from compensated to decompensated hypertrophy is also associated with myocyte apoptosis in animals 7 and high levels of apoptosis are seen in arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia a condition characterised by myocardial replacement with fibrofatty material. Finally there is increasing evidence that toxic cardiomyopathies such as that induced by doxorubicin Adriamycin are associated with cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Although the evidence that apoptosis promotes heart failure is persuasive the present problem is defining by what extent. Vastly different rates of apoptosis have been reported in both human and animal heart failure with rates of up to .5 While these death rates may be seen only in very localised areas given that apoptosis takes less than 24 hours to complete such rates would result in rapid involution of the heart. More recently rates of have been consistently reported in end stage heart .
