Ngoài ra, giống như Adam Smith, Ibn Khaldun nhận thấy rằng năng suất phụ thuộc vào mức độ của thị trường, phân chia lao động và chuyên môn. Với sự hiểu biết sâu sắc lịch sử chính trị và kinh tế của mình, Ibn Khaldun cảnh báo rằng sự tăng trưởng của quyền lực tuyệt đối trong Nhà nước là nguyên nhân gây ra | 82 Understanding Islamic Finance The principle is that ownership cannot be separated from the risk of related loss. This has important implications for various transactions. In loans there is no entitlement to any profit because the creditor gets back the full amount irrespective of the nature of use by the debtor or the fact the debtor incurred loss in his business which he undertook with the borrowed money. In trade so long as the asset remains with the seller he has to bear the risk of its destruction as soon as he sells it the risk is transferred to the buyer and in the case of a credit sale the buyer has to pay the price at the settled time even if the asset is destroyed for any reason. He can mitigate the risk by way of Takaful but it will have no link with his liability to pay the price. In Ijarah the lessor is entitled to rent only when he keeps the asset in usable form by incurring ownership-related expenses and undertakes the risks associated with the asset. The business risk involved in Shirkah-based modes is far more than that involved in trading modes like Murabaha Salam and Ijarah because in Shirkah all business loss has to be borne by the capital while the manager or the entrepreneur loses his labour in the case of loss in a joint business. For depositors in Islamic banks risk stems from the failure of business and uncertainty regarding the level of profit to be shared. This risk does not discourage depositors rather it justifies the profit and as such we see that Islamic banks deposits are increasing continuously. For banks financing on the basis of Shirkah involves risk because clients could disguise the profits and they may lose even the principal because loss in Islamic finance means loss of capital and not any decrease in the expected profit. Although investment depositors participate in PLS there arises the question of whether they should bear only the market risks or also the risks related to fraud carelessness mismanagement and loan .
