Structural materials Các hình được áp dụng cho các yếu tố cấu trúc bị ảnh hưởng, đến một mức độ lớn, bởi bản chất của vật liệu mà từ đó họ được thực hiện. Các tính chất vật lý của vật liệu xác định loại nội lực mà họ có thể thực hiện và, do đó, các loại của các phần tử mà họ phù hợp. Unreinforced nề, ví dụ, chỉ có thể được sử dụng trong các tình huống căng thẳng nén. Bê tông cốt thép thực hiện tốt khi được nạp trong quá trình nén hoặc bị uốn. | Chapter 3 Structural materials Introduction The shapes which are adopted for structural elements are affected to a large extent by the nature of the materials from which they are made. The physical properties of materials determine the types of internal force which they can carry and therefore the types of element for which they are suitable. Unreinforced masonry for example may only be used in situations where compressive stress is present. Reinforced concrete performs well when loaded in compression or bending but not particularly well in axial tension. The processes by which materials are manufactured and then fashioned into structural elements also play a role in determining the shapes of elements for which they are suitable. These aspects of the influence of material properties on structural geometry are now discussed in relation to the four principal structural materials of masonry timber steel and reinforced concrete. Masonry Masonry is a composite material in which individual stones bricks or blocks are bedded in mortar to form columns walls arches or vaults Fig. . The range of different types of masonry is large due to the variety of types of constituent. Bricks may be of fired clay baked earth concrete or a range of similar materials and blocks which are simply very large bricks can be similarly composed. Stone too is not one but a very wide range of materials from the relatively soft sedimentary rocks such as limestone to the very hard granites and other igneous rocks. These solid units can be used in conjunction with a variety of different mortars to produce a range of masonry types. All have certain properties in common and therefore produce similar types of structural element. Other materials such as dried mud pisé or even unreinforced concrete have similar properties and can be used to make similar types of element. The physical properties which these materials have in common are moderate compressive strength minimal tensile strength and
