Đặc điểm chung lưới điện bao gồm các thuộc tính sau. Mỗi của những thuộc tính này có thể được chính thức bày tỏ trong một khuôn khổ kiến trúc. Trong thời hạn môi trường lưới điện, đến một mức độ đáng kể, những quyết định có thể được coi là nghệ thuật nhiều hơn so với thủ công. | 42 Chapter 2 Grid Network Requirements and Driver Applications Consequently banks need to be able to analyze investments especially leveraged financial instruments that they have purchased in the major financial centers 28 . This requires networks that can transmit information about new positions that were taken in the past few minutes and integrate them with existing information about positions in such high-risk instruments as collateralized debt obligations. The resulting information flows provide banks and other financial institutions with the ability to review the risk level of investments in their portfolios several times during a trading day. Such updates must encompass positions in a number of financial markets. They are also reviewed before new investments are made in other high-risk instruments. This requirement to do far more detailed and compute-intensive analysis of investments particularly of what are called exotics the more risky financial instruments such as hedges and collateralized debt obligations is one of the major transformations that is driving change in the financial sector. While most large banks and brokerage houses first adopted clusters in the mid-1990s to speed up their computeintensive operations they focused their analytical expertise on fixed investments or other markets that did not involve such esoteric investments. As the nature of banking has changed banks have made a large share of their profits from taking positions in the market that involve more risk 29 . They are not just investing in a certain number of stocks. They are making investments in financial instruments whose value can change depending upon how the value of a stock or a group of stocks or bonds may change over time or values of commodities or currencies can change over time. These investments can gain or lose value depending upon the rate of change in debt or equity values rather than just changes in equity values themselves. As a consequence banks can achieve big
