nhưng có rất nhiều để được thực hiện tại các trang web này và các nơi khác trên toàn thế giới. Một loạt các sự cố đã diễn ra tại Los Alamos trong những thập kỷ, và năm 2007 sự cố trong không quân Mỹ, Bộ trưởng Quốc phòng Robert Gates yêu cầu từ chức của thư ký | Corruption the Criminalized State and Post-Soviet Transitions 195 more authoritarian than democratic again the effects particularly on neighboring states are likely to be unhappy. In this chapter however the argument is bolder and more direct. It is that corruption at the level enveloping most of the post-Soviet states in particular Russia poses a direct threat to the world outside a threat not merely to international welfare but to international security. There is a corollary If corruption in and among the post-Soviet states poses this kind of threat then it no longer deserves to be treated as a secondary issue and given passing attention by all but those who have a special professional interest in the subject. It should be front and center when thinking about the core security challenges facing the international community and a key concern for major powers when designing their foreign policies toward Russia and the region. Corruption in Russia and surrounding states influences for the worse most of the crucial facets of the international security agenda issues of war and peace including regional conflict global terrorism and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction WMD . No less important corruption is a burden when facing issues of global welfare the risk of failed or failing states the abuse of human and minority rights threats to health the flow of contaminants such as drugs trafficked humans and illegal arms and the damage done to national economies by illicit trade money laundering and transnational crime. Concepts and Causal Arrows As is evident throughout the essays in this volume conceptual problems begin with the word itself. Not that perfectly serviceable definitions do not exist. The standard dictionary definition is the inducement of a political official by means of improper considerations to commit a violation of duty. Fair enough but what then are improper considerations and what constitutes a violation of duty Social scientists have tried .
