Tuy nhiên, tất cả mọi người mong muốn được giàu có. Mặc dù Nigeria nhận ra và lên án, trong trừu tượng, hệ thống bảo trợ chi phối việc phân bổ các nguồn lực của chính phủ, trong thực tế mọi người cảm thấy bị mắc kẹt. Một giáo sư đại học, bạn bè, | 348 Robert I. Rotberg loan guarantees all from a housing developer who could benefit from government contracts. Lee sacked him but in this case the evidence was strong enough for the courts to hear his case and sentence him to more than four years in jail. In 1979 Phey Yew Kok president of the National Trade Union Congress and a member of parliament for Lee s ruling party was accused of taking funds from the Congress and investing them for himself. Phey jumped bail and vanished to Thailand before Lee could press charges. Teh Cheang Wan was minister for national development in 1986 when he accepted two large cash payments the first from a development company that wanted to retain land that had been earmarked for compulsory acquisition and the second from a developer who wished to purchase state land for private purposes. After his bribe-taking was discovered Teh committed suicide rather than face disgrace. Because these instances of Singaporean high-level corruption were treated in an exemplary fashion similar breaches of trust became remarkably rare. Singaporeans quickly appreciated that the governing elite were not routinely as elsewhere taking advantage of their official positions to enrich themselves and that Lee and his associates meant what they said when ensuring a clean administration. That Lee punished his colleagues for stepping out of line was remarkable in Asia and in the developing world. That robust message had its impact on lesser officials as well as on the ruling cadre. It also helped that in 1995 Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong ordered an investigation of properties that were purchased at a discount by Lee s wife and son subsequently the prime minister . The developer Lee s brother was a non-executive director of the publicly listed company had apparently offered the same discount to others. When property values rose the property that Lee through his wife and Lee s son had purchased appreciated casting suspicion on the transaction. Parliament .
