đã thay thế. Interventionism đã đẻ ra một triết lý rất khác nhau. Theo ý tưởng can thiệp, đó là nhiệm vụ của chính phủ để hỗ trợ, trợ cấp, để cung cấp cho các đặc quyền cho các nhóm đặc biệt. Ý tưởng của các chính khách thế kỷ thứ mười tám là | 96 ECONOMIC POLICY And it is precisely this social and economic philosophy that interventionism has replaced. Interventionism has spawned a very different philosophy. Under interventionist ideas it is the duty of the government to support to subsidize to give privileges to special groups. The idea of the eighteenth century statesmen was that the legislators had special ideas about the common good. But what we have today what we see today in the reality of political life practically without any exceptions in all the countries of the world where there is not simply communist dictatorship is a situation where there are no longer real political parties in the old classical sense but merely pressure groups. A pressure group is a group of people who want to attain for themselves a special privilege at the expense of the rest of the nation. This privilege may consist in a tariff on competing imports it may consist in a subsidy it may consist in laws that prevent other people from competing with the members of the pressure group. At any rate it gives to the members of the pressure group a special position. It gives them something which is denied or ought to be denied according to the ideas of the pressure group to other groups. In the United States the two-party system of the old days is seemingly still preserved. But this is only a camouflage of the real situation. In fact the political life of the United States as well as the political life of all other countries is determined by the struggle and aspirations of pressure groups. In the United States there is still a Republican party and a Democratic party but in each of these parties there are pressure group representatives. These pressure group representatives are more interested in cooperation with representatives of the Policies and Ideas 97 same pressure group in the opposing party than with the efforts of fellow members in their own party. To give you an example if you talk to people in the United States who really .
