"Tại sao không giải quyết này bằng cách bảo vệ thuế quan với tất cả các nhà sản xuất?" Tuy nhiên, những sai lầm ở đây rằng này không có thể giúp các nhà sản xuất thống nhất, và không có thể giúp đỡ tất cả các nhà sản xuất trong nước những người đã "outsell" sản xuất nước ngoài: những hiệu quả sản xuất phải | DO UNIONS REALLY RAISE WAGES 151 The apostles of salvation by unionism sometimes attempt another answer to the problem I have just presented. It may be true they will admit that the members of strong unions today exploit among others the non-unionized workers but the remedy is simple unionize everybody. The remedy however is not quite that simple. In the first place in spite of the enormous political encouragements one might in some cases say compulsions to unionization under the Wagner Act and other laws it is not an accident that only about a fourth of this nation s gainfully employed workers are unionized. The conditions propitious to unionization are much more special than generally recognized. But even if universal unionization could be achieved the unions could not possibly be equally powerful any more than they are today. Some groups of workers are in a far better strategic position than others either because of greater numbers of the more essential nature of the product they make of the greater dependence on their industry of other industries or of their greater ability to use coercive methods. But suppose this were not so Suppose in spite of the self-contradictoriness of the assumption that all workers by coercive methods could raise their wages by an equal percentage Nobody would be any better off in the long run than if wages had not been raised at all. 3 This leads us to the heart of the question. It is usually assumed that an increase in wages is gained at the expense 152 ECONOMICS IN ONE LESSON of the profits of employers. Ulis may of course happen for short periods or in special circumstances. If wages are forced up in a particular firm in such competition with others that it cannot raise its prices the increase will come out of its profits. This is much less likely to happen however if the wage increase takes place throughout a whole industry. The industry will in most cases increase its prices and pass the wage increase along to consumers. As these
