Theo cách tiếp cận chính thống, số lượng của "tiện ích" xuất phát từ một có thể khác nhau trong các tình huống khác nhau. Theo Mises, ý nghĩa của các giá trị của một Hiểu lầm về bản chất và tầm quan trọng của kinh tế này không phải do độc quyền để antipathies phát sinh từ xu hướng chính trị chống lại các kết quả của cuộc điều tra | DO UNIONS REALLY RAISE WAGES shifted and distributed in relation to the relative elasticity of the demand for different kinds of labor and in relation to the joint nature of the demand for many kinds of labor. Yet when all these allowances have been made even the groups whose wages have been advanced the most will probably be found when their unemployed are averaged with their employed members to be worse off than before. And in terms of welfare of course the loss suffered will be much greater than the loss in merely arithmetical terms because the psychological losses of those who are unemployed will greatly outweigh the psychological gains of those with a slightly higher income in terms of purchasing power. Nor can the situation be rectified by providing unemployment relief. Such relief in the first place is paid for in large part directly or indirectly out of the wages of those who work. It therefore reduces these wages. Adequate relief payments moreover as we have already seen create unemployment. They do so in several ways. When strong labor unions in the past made it their function to provide for their own unemployed members they thought twice before demanding a wage that would cause heavy unemployment. But where there is a relief system under which the general taxpayer is forced to provide for the unemployment caused by excessive wage rates this restraint on excessive union demands is removed. Moreover as we have already noted adequate relief will cause some men not to seek work at all and will cause others to consider that they are in effect being asked to work not for the wage offered but only for the difference between that wage and the relief payment. And heavy unemployment means that fewer goods are produced that the nation is poorer and that there is less for everybody. The apostles of salvation by unionism sometimes at- 129 ECONOMICS IN ONE LESSON tempt another answer to the problem I have just presented. It may be true they will admit that the members
