Hai sợi này đã được hiện diện trong một cuốn tiểu thuyết nổi tiếng được xuất bản vào năm 1887, ngược bởi Edward Bellamy, tưởng tượng không tưởng trong đó nhân vật Rip Van Winkle đi vào giấc ngủ trong năm 1887 đánh thức trong năm 2000 để khám phá một thế giới đã thay đổi. | Cradle to Grave 93 These two strands were already present in a famous novel published in 1887 Looking Backward by Edward Bellamy a utopian fantasy in which a Rip Van Winkle character who goes to sleep in the year 1887 awakens in the year 2000 to discover a changed world. Looking backward his new companions explain to him how the utopia that astonishes him emerged in the 1930s a prophetic date from the hell of the I880s. That utopia involved the promise of security from cradle to grave the f irstuseof that phrase we have come across as well as detailed government planning including compulsory national service by all persons over an extended period. Coming from this intellectual atmosphere Roosevelt s advisers were all too ready to view the depression as a failure ofcapitalism and to believe that active intervention by government and especially central government_was the appropriate remedy. Benevo- lent public servants disinterested experts should assume the power that narrow-minded selfish economic royalists had abused. In the words of Roosevelt s first inaugural address The moneychangers have fled from the high seats in the temple ofour civilization. In designing programs for Roosevelt to adopt they could draw not only on the campus but on the earlier experience of Bismarck s Germany Fabian England and middle-way Sweden. The New Deal as it emerged during the 1930s clearly reflected these views. It included programs designed to reform the basic structure of the economy. Some of these had to be abandoned when they were declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court notably the NRA National Recovery Administration and the AAA Agricultural Adjustment Administration . Others are still with us notably the Securities and Exchange Commission the National Labor Relations Board nationwide minimum wages. The New Deal also included programs to provide security against misfortune notably Social Security OASI Old Age and Survivors Insurance unemployment insurance and public .
