lớn hơn số lượng của các tuyến đường) Ngay cả với mục mở, mật độ giao thông mỏng và thiếu liên kết của các nền kinh tế của quy mô. có thể vẫn còn những trở ngại quan trọng để giảm tỷ lệ vận tải hàng không trên thế giới đang phát triển. Nếu tự do hóa dẫn các hãng hàng không thông qua trung tâm và nói mạng, | REDUCING TRADING COSTS IN A NEW ERA OF SECURITY larger number of routes. Even with open entry thin traffic densities and the associated lack of economies of scale are likely to remain key obstacles to lowering air freight rates in the developing world. If liberalization leads airlines to adopt hub-and-spoke networks prices could fall on well-connected hub routes while rising on some spoke routes. To reduce this risk by cross-subsidizing transport to remote and poor areas within continents the concept of universal service should be embraced internationally. Rich countries could offer tax breaks on air cargo service provided to certain developing country locations. Alternatively an international fund for the provision of universal air services could be established. For maritime transport one avenue to improvement would be to subject the industry to MFN treatment in routes as part of the larger GATS discussion on services. Doing so would undermine the competition-restricting liner codes that prevent new entries in designated shipping routes. Another avenue would be to review exemptions in . and EU antitrust law for maritime transport. Security can be increased without jeopardizing trade flows from developing countries Even though the costs of compliance with new security measures could be large and disproportionate for smaller countries all participants in the global trading system have an incentive to invest in counterterrorism. Such investments are likely to pay off in the long run through efficiency gains better management of information and greater use of electronic commerce. To ensure that they do several steps must be taken. First technical assistance must be increased. The IMO ICAO and other organizations should step up their technical cooperation efforts to provide more training in risk assessment customs administration and infrastructure planning in their client countries. Second nations must coordinate trade-related actions not only with other countries .
