Với phương pháp sư phạm ấn tượng, mục tiêu học tập và tóm lược, cuốn sách ấn tượng này rõ ràng bằng văn bản sẽ được một người chiến thắng khác với các sinh viên kinh tế quốc tế và kinh doanh quốc tế. Robert M. Dunn, Jr là Giáo sư Kinh tế tại Đại học George Washington, Mỹ. John H. Mutti là Giáo sư Kinh tế Quốc tế Sydney Meyer, Grinnell College, Iowa, Mỹ | 4 - Trade between similar countries 83 cost. The more of one good a country produces the lower its cost of producing it becomes. Expanding output to serve a world market rather than a national market allows costs per unit to fall. Depending upon how prices are set in relation to costs both countries can gain from trade in these circumstances. The actual pattern of trade and the determination of what goods a country imports and what goods it exports may reflect a created comparative advantage attributable to historical accident or government intervention. Some economies of scale exist that are external to an individual firm. A single firm may continue to face rising marginal costs of production as it expands output just as in the H-O world with perfectly competitive producers. If all firms in the industry expand output however costs for all of the firms as a group may fall. Such economies may be particularly common if an industry is concentrated in a region. Examples of such concentrations are producers of semiconductors in Silicon Valley of California international financial services in London watches in Switzerland and software in Bangalore India. The possibility of such economies can alter our conclusions about patterns of trade and gains from trade as we show in the first section of this chapter even when we retain the assumption of perfectly competitive markets. More often economies of scale are internal to the firm. As an individual firm expands output its cost per unit declines. As a result it may gain an advantage over other firms both domestic and foreign in producing a particular good or variety of good. To develop this line of reasoning we begin by considering two contributions that provide useful insights but provide a much less comprehensive framework for analysis than the H-O model. One examines a firm s introduction of a new product a case where firms in all countries no longer are assumed to use the same technology to produce the same products. While
