Khi 11-HSD1 9 / 9 loài động vật được cho ăn một chế độ ăn uống quán ăn tự phục vụ highfat, tăng cân ít hơn và có nồng độ glucose thấp hơn so với các loại điều khiển tự nhiên. Sau đó là phù hợp với các hiệu ứng trên phản ứng của gan gluconeogenic với insulin, | 204 INTERNATIONAL TEXTBOOK OF OBESITY PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE CORONARY ARTERY ATHEROSCLEROSIS AND CHD RISK IN FEMALE MONKEYS Social Status Cynomolgus monkeys typically live in large social groups that are characterized by complex social relationships. Complex social living includes the possibility of social stress effects on health. A major social organizing mechanism of monkey society is the social status hierarchy 12 . Female monkeys with low social status or subordinates are behav-iorally and physiologically different from dominants. The distinguishing behavioral characteristics of subordinates are depicted in Figure . Subordinate females are the recipients of about three times the hostility or aggression oftheir dominant counterparts. They are groomed less . they spend less time in positive affiliative behavior. They spend more time vigilantly scanning their social group than dominants. The purpose ofthe vigilant scanning appears to be to track and avoid dominants in order to avoid aggressive interactions. Subordinates also spend significantly more time alone than dominant females 13-15 . Primates typically communicate non-verbally by touch facial expressions and body language or postures. Although human primates also are able to communicate with language they still rely heavily on non-verbal communication. When a female monkey spends time alone it means that the monkey is not in physical contact or within touching distance ofanother monkey. Rather the monkey is socially isolated. This is intriguing given the observations in human beings that suggest that social support is associated with reduced CHD risk and observations in monkeys suggesting that social isolation increased coronary artery atherosclerosis and heart rate 16-18 . Thus it seems that subordinates are subaect to hostility and have very little social support. Physiological characteristics ofsubordinates that distinguish them from dominants include differences in measurements .
