Điểm chuẩn là một nỗ lực liên tục của các phân tích và đánh giá. Chăm sóc phải được thực hiện trong việc quyết định những gì để chuẩn. Nó là không thể và không thực tế để đánh giá mọi khía cạnh của quản lý dự án. | The Many Faces of Failure 153 TABLE 11-1. SUCCESS FACTORS Primary Secondary Within time Within cost Within quality limits Accepted by the customer Follow-on work from this customer Using the customer s name as a reference on your literature With minimum or mutually agreed upon scope changes Without disturbing the main flow of work Without changing the corporate culture Without violating safety requirements Providing efficiency and effectiveness of operations Satisfying OSHA EPA requirements Maintaining ethnical conduct Providing a strategic alignment Maintaining a corporate reputation Maintaining regulatory agency relations are seen through the eyes of the customer. The secondary definitions of success are usually internal benefits. If achieving 86 percent of the specification is acceptable to the customer and follow-on work is received then the original project might very well be considered as a success. It is possible for a project management methodology to identify primary and secondary success factors. This could provide guidance to a project manager for the development of a risk management plan as well as help the project manager decide which risks are worth taking and which are not acceptable. THE MANY FACES OF FAILURE Previously we stated that success might be a cube rather than a point. If we stay within the cube but miss the point is that a failure Probably not The true definition of failure is when the final results are not what were expected even though the original expectations may or may not have been reasonable. Sometimes customers and even internal executives set performance targets that are totally unrealistic they may hope to achieve 80 to 90 percent at best. For simplicity s sake let us define failure as unmet expectations. When unmeetable expectations are formed failure is virtually assured since we have defined failure as unmet expectations. This is called a planning failure and is the difference between what was planned to be accomplished and .
