Các tỷ lệ cược tốt nhất cho tăng trưởng bền vững đi kèm với các nỗ lực để tăng cường khả năng cạnh tranh vào những người hoạt động với một tiềm năng thực tế cho lợi thế cạnh tranh. Ngoài các chính sách cụ thể ngành, chính phủ có thể lập kế hoạch một vai trò điều phối tích cực qua các hoạt động của khu vực tư nhân trong một lĩnh vực như du lịch (xem hộp 3, "Tầm quan trọng của chính phủ là điều phối viên du lịch"). . | 42 Exhibit 15 The majority of recent attempts to establish local semiconductor industries or clusters have failed Successes and failures of semiconductor clusters Estimated date of industry reaching significant size1 and estimated cumulative country-wide government incentives2 I ROUGH estimates Sustainable competitive edge À Present Currently not present 1970 1980 1990 2000 United States 12 billion- 36 billion Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company TSMC first to introduce novel business model of foundry-only semiconductor player Japan 19 billion- 54 billion L Taiwan 15 billion- 43biiiion . South Korea 9 billion- 26 billion w Singapore 5 billion- 16 billion Germany 2 billion- 7 billion 1 China 6 billion- 17 billion 1 Malaysia 1 billion- 3 billion 1 Estimated date of industry reaching significant size first year in which cumulative country-wide database-listed front-end investments exceeded 1 billion. 2 Estimated cumulative country-wide government incentives to 2008 assumes database underestimates investment in semiconductor facilities by factor government incentives account for 20-35 percent of total investment. SOURCE SEMI World Fab Watch expert estimates McKinsey Global Institute analysis Indeed collectively large public subsidies have contributed to expanding production capacity and lowering returns to investment globally contributing to intense competition in the sector rapid innovation and declining user While semiconductor-using companies and households globally have received considerable advantages it is much less clear whether the economic benefits to local production have justified large public subsidies even in the successful The semiconductor sector case suggests that the way governments can support the growth of innovative companies depends on the maturity of the sector they are playing In new emerging sectors where there are no existing players governments should refrain from defining the technology or solution of .
