Phân tích yếu tố khác nhau của bài kiểm tra cá tính và dữ liệu quy mô đánh giá định kỳ xác định 4-6 yếu tố để có sự khác nhau trong tính cách cá nhân có thể là do (xem Digman, 1990). Chọn mục tự báo cáo liên quan đến xây dựng năm yếu tố ưu tiên, | various factor analyses of personality test and rating scale data that recurrently identified four to six factors to which individual differences in personality could be attributed see Digman 1990 . Selecting self-report items related to their preferred five-factor formulation Costa and McCrae developed a questionnaire that yields scores along five trait dimensions which they called domain scales neuroticism extraversion openness agreeableness and conscientiousness. Their effort resulted in the 1985 publication of the NEO Personality Inventory currently available in revised form as the NEO Pi-R Costa McCrae 1992 . Like the 16-PF the NEO PI-R was intended as a measure of normal personality characteristics but has proved useful in evaluating personality problems in disturbed persons see Piedmont 1998 . Although time has yet to tell how the NEO PR-I will eventually fare with respect to its frequency of use there is already an extensive literature on the Five Factor Model to suggest that it will become well-established assessment instrument. PAI The last of these six self-report questionnaires to become well-known assessment instruments is the Personality Assessment Inventory developed by Leslie Morey 1991 1996 . The PAI is intended to provide information relevant to clinical diagnosis treatment planning and screening for adult psychopathology and in this respect it is closely modeled after the MMPI. Drawing on methodology used in constructing other inventories however Morey formulated his scales in terms of theoretical constructs and used rational as well as quantitative criteria in selecting his items. The PAI clinical scales are primarily symptom-oriented and as in the case of the MMPI more likely to assist in Axis I than Axis II diagnosis. In addition however the PAI features several scales directly related to aspects of treatment planning. Unlike formal tests of intelligence and self-report methods of assessing personality which arose in response to public needs .
