Trong khi phần lớn của văn học thực nghiệm đã kiểm tra • intensiveŽ định dạng trị liệu cá nhân (thường là 8 đến 12 buổi), các phương pháp khác xem xét điều trị bằng khen giao hàng, bao gồm cả liên hệ với chuyên gia trị liệu giảm và điều trị nhóm. Loại đau đầu, Tần số, và Chronicity Cả hai loại căng thẳng và chứng đau nửa đầu đáp ứng tốt với phương pháp điều trị dược lý và nonpharmacological. với . | 398 Irritable Bowel Syndrome complaints using the MMPI and the McGill Pain Questionnaire MPQ Melzack 1975 . The IBS patients were signi cantly more distressed on measures of depression somatization and anxiety than their nonpatient counterparts. In addition IBS patients complained of more severe and frequent pain. However Drossman and colleagues 1988 results have not been replicated in later studies. There is evidence that the two groups in general do not differ on measures of psychological distress. For example one study Whitehead Burnett Cook Taub 1996 divided a large group of college undergraduates into a students who met Manning Criteria for IBS and had seen a physician for their symptoms in the past year n 84 b students who met Manning Criteria for IBS but did not see a physician in the past year n 165 and c Nonsymptomatic controls n 122 . All groups completed the NEO Personality Inventory Costa McCrae 1985 as a measure of neuroticism the Global Symptom Index GSI from the SCL-90 Derogatis Lipman Covi 1973 as a measure of overall psychological distress and the Short Form-36 Ware 1993 a measure of quality of life. First the IBS patients and nonpatients did not differ from one another on measures of neuroticism overall psychological distress or on the mental health subscale of the SF-36. However both groups yielded scores signi cantly higher than the normal controls. However the IBS patients appeared to be more poorly functioning than the IBS nonpatients when subscales of the SF-36 were examined. Another study used Rome Criteria to identify IBS patients and IBS nonpatients in a sample of 905 college students Gick Thompson 1997 . The STAI Speilberger 1983 was administered to a portion of these participants who were matched on gender and a group of non-GI disordered controls. The two IBS groups were more trait anxious than the controls but did not differ from one another. It is hard to draw rm conclusions from these various studies because the measures and samples
