trong đó các nghệ nhân là đối tượng nhiều hơn so với các đối tác. Nhu cầu đào tạo không được chỉ định bởi nhà sản xuất vi sinh tự, nhưng huấn luyện viên, những người đã không lắng nghe các nghệ nhân. Đó là khó khăn để định hướng lại VTIs để đào tạo cho khu vực phi chính thức. | Promoting Reforms with Training Finance 165 employers organizations rather than individual employers. Ideally the governance structure of training funds is truly representative free of self-serving domination by government or private groups and autonomous in making policy controlling budgets and carrying out decisions. Even with appropriate employer representation government officials can subvert the process. In some cases Cameroon for example the problem is not in getting agreement for employer participation in training boards but in implementing such participation in the face of government opposition. In Mali 40 percent of the Training Fund board represents the private sector including the chair. In practice however the government insists that its views prevail. This has discouraged private sector participation Johanson 2001 part 1 p. 12 . Conflict of Interest Some training funds serve as provider financier and overseer of national training systems. This is the Latin American model. In Sub-Saharan Africa Tanzania s VETA serves all three functions as does the IVTB in The three functions are often incompatible and involve conflicts of interest. This applies particularly to the financing of the training centers owned by the training authority. The training authority centers receive the bulk of the disbursements and have a protected status while other far more numerous centers receive little or nothing Atchoarena and Delluc 2001 p. 269 . Sustainability National training funds particularly when financed by company training levies provide sustained and stable funding for TVET. This is an important reason for setting up a national fund. However not every national fund succeeds in stabilizing funding for training. Many funds are underresourced because their tax base companies in the modern sector is limited collections are often poor as for example in Tanzania or because the funds are diverted at the point of transfer as in Togo and the Gambia where levy .
