Ngay cả những người chúng ta, những người có tầm nhìn màu sắc bình thường hoàn toàn có thể thưởng thức phim đen và trắng, một số trong số đó là nghệ thuật tốt nhất bao giờ thực hiện. Như tôi sẽ thảo luận sau đó, chúng tôi là tất cả các màu sắc-mù trong ánh sáng mờ. | completely deficient in color vision but who seem to get along quite well with their deficit often undiagnosed for years only to be picked up when they run through red lights. Even those of us who have normal color vision can fully enjoy black-and-white movies some of which are artistically the best ever made. As I will discuss later we are all color-blind in dim light. Among vertebrates color sense occurs sporadically probably having been downgraded or even lost and then reinvented many times in the course of evolution. Mammals with poor color vision or none at all include mice rats rabbits cats dogs and a species of monkey the nocturnal owl monkey. Ground squirrels and primates including humans apes and most old world monkeys all have well-developed color vision. Nocturnal animals whose vision is specialized for dim light seldom have good color vision which suggests that color discrimination and capabilities for handling dim light are somehow not compatible. Among lower vertebrates color vision is well developed in many species of fish and birds but is probably absent or poorly developed in reptiles and amphibia. Many insects including flies and bees have color vision. We do not know the exact color-handling capabilities of the overwhelming majority of animal species perhaps because behavioral or physiological tests for color vision are not easy to do. The subject of color vision out of all proportion to its biologic importance to man has occupied an amazing array of brilliant minds including Newton Goethe whose strength seems not to have been science and Helmholtz. Nevertheless color is still often poorly understood even by artists physicists and biologists. The problem starts in childhood when we are given our first box of paints and then told that yellow blue and red are the primary colors and that yellow plus blue equals green. Most of us are then surprised when in apparent contradiction of that experience we shine a yellow spot and a blue spot on a screen .
