Kể từ khi học tập không có thể xảy ra mà không có sự tham gia, một giáo viên phải đối mặt với nguy hiểm là không phê phán về chất lượng học tập xảy ra khi họ đã thành công trong việc duy trì một mức độ cao của sự tham gia của học sinh. Tuy nhiên, đồng thời cần ghi nhớ rằng các kết quả học tập mà giáo viên cố gắng để đạt được | 58 Essential Teaching Skills involvement. Since learning cannot occur without involvement a danger facing teachers is to be uncritical about the quality of learning that occurs when they have successfully maintained a high level of pupil involvement. Nevertheless at the same time one needs to bear in mind that the learning outcomes which teachers try to achieve include the development of study skills organisational skills and sustained concentration by pupils. These can usefully be fostered by lengthy periods of working without interaction with the teacher. Hence a teacher may well choose to use an activity that can sustain high pupil involvement for a long period primarily as a means to foster such skills. Skills in lesson management An analysis of documents and reports produced by the DfES and Ofsted cover a numbers of skills involved in effective lesson management . DfES 2003a b 2004a Ofsted 2002 2006 although some of these clearly overlap with issues of lesson presentation covered in the previous chapter. in particular these focus on the need to be able to use teaching methods that sustain the momentum of pupils work and keep all pupils engaged through stimulating their intellectual curiosity communicating enthusiasm for the subject being taught fostering pupils enthusiasm and maintaining their motivation structuring information well including outlining content and aims signalling transitions and summarising key points as the lesson progresses clear instruction and demonstration and accurate well-paced explanation effective questioning which matches the pace and direction of the lesson and ensures that pupils take part listening carefully to pupils analysing their responses and responding constructively in order to take pupils learning forward providing opportunities for pupils to consolidate their knowledge and maximising opportunities both in the classroom and through setting well-focused homework to reinforce and develop what has been learned setting high
