GLOBALIZATION AND EDUCATION phần 6

của các chuyên gia và nhà quản lý cấp cao hơn, sau đó trẻ em của các chuyên gia và kỹ thuật viên cấp thấp hơn là nhóm thứ hai và thứ ba trong mỗi thế hệ một lần nữa. Ngược lại, trẻ em nông dân và các hộ nhỏ và trẻ em nông nghiệp và không có tay nghề lao động chân tay cũng có hoàn cảnh khó khăn trong nghiên cứu | EDUCATION OF CHILDREN FROM DISADVANTAGED BACKGROUNDS 135 of higher-grade professionals and managers then children of lower-grade professionals and technicians are the second and third groups in each generation again. Conversely children of farmers and smallholders and children of agricultural and unskilled manual workers were equally disadvantaged in the 1908-1912 birth cohort the percentage distributions are very close and in each case about two-thirds did not get any diploma. In the 1938-1942 birth cohort the offspring of both social groups were again rather close and still appeared to be the most disadvantaged considering their educational qualifications. But children of farmers and smallholders strongly improved their relative position between the 1938-1942 and 19681972 cohorts. At the end of the period their educational destinations are considerably more favourable than those of children of agricultural and unskilled manual workers. They are also clearly better than those of children of foremen and skilled manual workers and slightly better than those of routine non manual workers. The examination of simple row percentages therefore suggests that despite strong inertia in the association between social origin and educational destination in France some change has occurred from the early decades of the twentieth century in which children of farmers and smallholders played a significant part. Statistical modelling demonstrates that the general strength of the pure . net of educational expansion association between social origin and educational destination has declined by 35 in the logged odds ratios over sixty years. While it has been nearly monotonic change in the origineducation association was especially sharp between the 1933-1937 and 1948-1952 birth cohorts then largely levelled off in the three subsequent cohorts but took off again in the very last one 1968-1972 . The decline in IEO in France therefore seems largely independent of major secondary school

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