đoàn hệ sinh 1908-1912: sự phân bố tỷ lệ phần trăm là rất chặt chẽ và trong từng trường hợp khoảng hai phần ba không nhận được bất kỳ bằng tốt nghiệp. Trong nghiên cứu đoàn hệ sinh 1938-1942 con cái của cả hai nhóm xã hội đã một lần nữa khá chặt chẽ và vẫn xuất hiện để được hoàn cảnh khó khăn xem xét trình độ giáo dục của họ. | GLOBALIZATION AND CHALLENGES FOR EDUCATION IN LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES JEAN-CLAUDE BERTHÉLEMY 1. Introduction There is a growing concern about the possibility that the poor in particular in least developed countries be suffering instead of benefiting from globalization World Commission on the Social Dimension of Globalization 2004 . Although the total number of individuals living in absolute poverty has declined globally over the past two decades - thanks in particular to progresses observed in China - it has increased in many least developed countries LDCs particularly in sub-Saharan Africa which means that hundreds of millions of deprived people hardly benefit from globalization. This is due to economic stagnation and sometimes to rising domestic inequalities in poor countries. Such a dismal record is a paradox for economists and a challenge for the development community which needs to be urgently addressed. I shall put forward in this paper that to a significant extent this lack of gains from globalization for a large number of poor people is related to inadequate education policies in many LDCs in spite of the repeated political pledges in favor of the education for all goal. I shall in particular consider these issues in the case of sub-Saharan Africa which is certainly the region of the world that has suffered the most from globalization and presents nowadays the most pressing challenges for the development community. The bottom-line of my argument lies in the history of economic development since 1950. Available data suggest that education policies have been a key ingredient in the take-off of countries that are nowadays considered as emerging economies which subsequently led them to become major players in the global economy and winners in the globalization process. Emerging economies started growing in the 1960s when a majority of their workforce had been granted primary education. This proportion GLOBALIZATION AND CHALLENGES FOR EDUCATION IN LEAST .
