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Fate of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment and in Water Treatment Systems - Chapter 15

Cung cấp nước sạch đầy đủ cho công chúng đã trở thành một vấn đề đầy thử thách trên toàn thế giới như chất lượng các nguồn nước ngày càng deteriorates.1 Kết quả là, xử lý nước thải đã thu hút sự chú ý như là một tài nguyên nước thay thế, cung cấp điều trị thích hợp có thể được applied.2 Vì vậy, việc loại bỏ microcontaminants chẳng hạn như dược phẩm và các sản phẩm chăm sóc cá nhân, trong nước thải quan trọng bởi vì rất nhiều những hợp chất này tồn tại treatment.3 thông thường Nói chung, các hợp chất này có. | 15 Removal of Pharmaceuticals in Biological Wastewater Treatment Plants Sungpyo Kim A. Scott Weber Angela Batt and Diana S. Aga Contents 15.1 Introduction.349 15.2 Fate of Pharmaceuticals in Biological Wastewater Treatment Process.350 15.3 Pharmaceutical Removal Mechanisms.350 15.3.1 Biodegradation and Biotransformations.351 15.3.2 Sorption.352 15.4 Influence of Wastewater Treatment Plant WWTP Operating Conditions. 354 15.5 Final Remarks.358 References.358 15.1 INTRODUCTION Providing sufficiently clean water to the public has become a challenging issue worldwide as the quality of water sources increasingly deteriorates.1 As a consequence treated wastewater has attracted attention as an alternative water resource provided appropriate treatment can be applied.2 Therefore the removal of microcontaminants such as pharmaceuticals and personal-care products in wastewater is critical because many of these compounds survive conventional treatment.3 In general these compounds are present at parts per billion ppb levels or less in wastewa-ter.4 5 Although these concentrations are much lower than the levels of traditionally known organic pollutants such as the persistent organic pollutants DDT PCBs and the like the potential long-term effects of these compounds to humans and wildlife cannot be neglected. For example several studies have shown that even parts per trillion ppt levels of ethinyl estradiol the active ingredients of birth control pills and natural estrogens can disrupt the hormone system of aquatic species.6 7 In addition low levels of antibiotics from the effluents of wastewater treatment plants WWTPs can promote antibiotic resistance in microorganisms that are exposed constantly to these compounds.8-10 349 2008 by Taylor Francis Group LLC 350 Fate of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment and in Water Treatment Systems Residues of human and veterinary pharmaceuticals are introduced into the environment via a number of pathways but primarily from discharges of .